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Mangrove tree distribution
Global mangrove distributions have fluctuated throughout human and geological history. The area covered by mangroves is influenced by a complex interaction between land position, rainfall hydrology, sea level, sedimentation, subsidence, storms and pest-predator relationships〔Eslami-Andargoli, L., P. Dale, et al. (2009). "Mangrove expansion and rainfall patterns in Moreton Bay, Southeast Queensland, Australia." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 85(2): 292-298.〕〔"McLeod and Salm 2006"McLeod, E. and R. V. Salm (2006). Managing mangroves for resilience to climate change. Gland, Switzerland, The World Conservation Union (IUCN) 2.〕). In the last 50 years, human activities have strongly affected mangrove distributions, resulting in declines or expansions of worldwide mangrove area. Mangroves provide several important ‘free services’ including coastal stabilization, juvenile fish habitats, and the filtration of sediment and nutrients 〔VALIELA, I., BOWEN, J. L. & YORK, J. K. 2001. Mangrove forests: one of the world's threatened major tropical environments. BioScience, 51, 807-815.〕〔DIERBERG, F. E. & KIATTISIMKUL, W. 1996. Issues, impacts, and implications of shrimp aquaculture in Thailand. Environmental Management, 20, 649-666.〕〔MORRISEY, D., BEARD, C., MORRISON, M., CRAGGS, R. & LOWE, M. 2007. The New Zealand Mangrove: Review of the Current State Of Knowledge. Auckland Regional Council.〕). Mangrove loss has important implications for coastal ecological systems and human communities dependent on healthy mangrove ecosystems. This Wikipedia page presents an overview of global Mangrove Forest biome trends in s distribution, as well as the cause of such changes.
==Mangrove declines==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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